Maximilian Mende

Published profiles (60)

• Epitalon

  Synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson; telomerase activation claims rest on Khavinson-group rodent studies and small Russian observational reports.

• Livagen

  Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala tetrapeptide developed as the Khavinson liver and immune Cytogen. Documented chromatin decondensation effects in cell culture.

• Klotho

  An endogenous human protein produced in kidneys and brain that declines with age. Mouse overexpression extends lifespan 20-30 percent. Two Phase 1 human trials were initiated in 2025 and 2026. Not approved for any indication.

• N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

  N-terminally acetylated and C-terminally amidated analog of Semax, the Russian ACTH(4-10) heptapeptide nootropic. Modifications target protease resistance.

• MK-677

  Oral non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist with sustained 24-hour GH elevation; Phase 2 trials completed but no FDA approval after two decades of development.

• Sermorelin

  N-terminal 29-amino-acid fragment of native GHRH; original FDA approval (Geref) withdrawn 2008 for commercial reasons, now compounded for off-label adult use.

• Semaglutide

  Novo Nordisk long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic 2017), obesity (Wegovy 2021), oral T2D (Rybelsus 2019), and cardiovascular risk reduction.

• Pasireotide

  Multi-receptor somatostatin analog (SSTR1/2/3/5) FDA-approved for Cushing's disease (Dec 2012) and acromegaly (Dec 2014); diabetes-inducing.

• Melanotan II

  Non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist used unregulated for skin tanning and libido; precursor to FDA-approved bremelanotide.

• Plecanatide

  Uroguanylin-analog GC-C agonist FDA-approved January 19, 2017 for CIC and January 24, 2018 for IBS-C; food-flexible dosing.

• Glutathione

  The body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant tripeptide. Oral bioavailability is poor. IV forms are widely sold and widely warned against by regulators, particularly for cosmetic skin lightening.

• ARA-290

  Synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from EPO helix B. Activates innate repair receptor without erythropoiesis. FDA Orphan Drug status for sarcoidosis neuropathy.

• Teriparatide

  Recombinant N-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone, FDA-approved 2002 for severe osteoporosis with high fracture risk.

• PNC-27

  Synthetic 32-amino-acid peptide combining the HDM-2 binding domain of p53 with a membrane-residency signal. Selectively kills cancer cells through membrane disruption. No FDA approval.

• Beinaglutide

  Recombinant native human GLP-1(7-36) sequence developed by Shanghai Benemae and Hua Dong Pharmaceutical. Approved in China for obesity and type 2 diabetes; three-times-daily subcutaneous dosing.

• Efpeglenatide

  Long-acting exenatide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to a non-glycosylated human Fc fragment. Completed Phase 3 AMPLITUDE program. Not FDA-approved. Development program effectively paused.

• NR

  A vitamin B3 form and oral NAD+ precursor with NDI/GRAS regulatory status in the US. Reliably raises blood NAD+ by 22 to 150 percent depending on dose. Clinical endpoint benefits remain mixed.

• Thymosin Beta-4

  An endogenous 43-amino-acid peptide expressed in virtually all human cells. Sequesters G-actin and supports tissue repair. RegeneRx Phase 2 trials in wound healing and dry eye. Not FDA-approved. WADA-banned for athletes.

• SLU-PP-332

  A small-molecule pan-ERR agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. Preclinical only. No human trials. Anti-doping laboratories have already characterized its metabolites for sport testing.

• NMN

  An NAD+ precursor that reliably raises blood NAD+ in human trials. Lived through three years of FDA regulatory uncertainty before being confirmed as a dietary supplement in September 2025.

• NAD+

  A redox cofactor required by over 500 enzymes. Declines with age in some tissues. Sold as oral precursors (NR, NMN) and as IV infusions in clinics. Longevity claims outpace controlled human evidence.

• PT-141

  Melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved June 21, 2019 (Vyleesi) for acquired generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

• Wolverine Stack

  Off-label community stack combining BPC-157 (pentadecapeptide from gastric juice) and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). Named for the X-Men character Wolverine's regenerative healing factor. Used in research-chemical communities for soft-tissue recovery. No FDA approval.

• Decapeptide-12

  Synthetic decapeptide developed at Stanford as a tyrosinase inhibitor for hyperpigmentation. Marketed as Lumixyl in cosmetic formulations. Modest published clinical evidence.

• VIP

  A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide discovered in 1970 by Said and Mutt. Acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Phase 2 sarcoidosis trial (Prasse 2010). Off-label use in CIRS and mold illness via the Shoemaker protocol. Not FDA-approved.

• Kisspeptin

  Hypothalamic neuropeptide and master regulator of GnRH secretion; investigated for hypothalamic amenorrhea and sexual dysfunction.

• GHRP-2

  Synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist stimulating GH release; clinical diagnostic in Japan, research-chemical elsewhere.

• Hexarelin

  Potent hexapeptide GH secretagogue with rapid receptor desensitization; investigated for cardiac applications in early trials.

• CJC-1295 with DAC

  Modified GHRH analog with maleimide DAC linker producing 6-8 day half-life through albumin binding; sold as research-chemical with no human therapeutic approval.

• Cartalax

  Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp tripeptide derived from type XI collagen alpha-1 chain. Khavinson cartilage Cytogen with reported chondrocyte proliferation effects in cell culture.

• AHK-Cu

  Copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys) developed as a cosmetic ingredient for hair-follicle and skin applications. Less-studied sister compound to GHK-Cu. Cosmetic-grade evidence base only.

• GLOW

  Three-peptide blend of GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500, marketed for skin and soft-tissue repair. No human trial has tested the combination. Each component sits in Tier 3 evidence.

• Cortexin

  A Russian-developed porcine cerebral cortex polypeptide complex from Geropharm. Not a single peptide. Used clinically in Russia and CIS for stroke, TBI, pediatric encephalopathy, and cognitive disorders. Standard course: 10 mg intramuscular daily for 10 days. Not FDA-approved.

• KLOW

  Multi-peptide research-chemical stack combining KPV, Larazotide, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 for combined gut, skin, and tissue-healing claims. Stack composition is not standardized. No trial of the combination exists.

• Tirzepatide

  Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, obesity, OSA, and cardiovascular risk reduction. The most studied incretin therapy.

• AOD-9604

  Modified C-terminal hGH fragment investigated for fat loss; failed primary endpoint in Phase 2b trial.

• Vesilute

  Synthetic Glu-Asp dipeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a bladder cytogen. Evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications. No FDA approval, no Western RCT, no peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic data.

• B7-33

  Synthetic 33-amino-acid single-chain derivative of human relaxin-2 B-chain. Functionally selective RXFP1 agonist with anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective effects in animal models.

• Cerluten

  Khavinson brain Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf brain tissue. Marketed for CNS support in cognitive aging and post-stroke recovery.

• Pramlintide

  First-generation synthetic amylin analog, FDA-approved March 16, 2005 as insulin adjunct for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

• ACE-031

  Recombinant fusion protein combining the extracellular domain of activin receptor IIB with human IgG1 Fc. Phase 2 trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy halted due to bleeding events. Development discontinued.

• BPC-157

  15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from gastric juice; the most widely used research peptide for tissue repair, with primarily rat-model evidence and three small human studies.

• Retatrutide

  Lilly triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist; TRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 reported up to 28.7% weight loss at 80 weeks, the highest magnitude in obesity pharmacotherapy.

• Crystagen

  Synthetic Glu-Asp-Pro tripeptide identified by epitope mapping as a principal active component of Thymalin. Marketed as immune Cytogen in the Khavinson system.

• Dipeptide-2

  Synthetic dipeptide composed of valine and tryptophan. Cosmetic ingredient marketed for under-eye puffiness and lymphatic drainage support. Limited clinical evidence; cosmetic-grade data only.

• Exenatide

  The first FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom exendin-4. Approved 2005 (Byetta) and 2012 (Bydureon weekly) for type 2 diabetes. Largely displaced by semaglutide and tirzepatide.

• Octreotide

  Cyclic octapeptide somatostatin analog FDA-approved October 21, 1988 for acromegaly, NETs, carcinoid syndrome, and VIPomas.

• CagriSema

  Novo Nordisk fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide 2.4 mg amylin analog and semaglutide 2.4 mg GLP-1 receptor agonist. Once-weekly injection. REDEFINE 1 Phase 3 showed 22.7% weight loss at 68 weeks. FDA NDA submitted December 2025. Not yet approved.

• 5-Amino-1MQ

  A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor that reduces adipocyte size and body weight in obese mice without changing food intake. Marketed as a peptide. It is not one. No human trials exist.

• Tesamorelin

  Stabilized GHRH analog. FDA-approved 2010 for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. The only GHRH analog with a complete Phase 3 file.

• Follistatin-315

  Soluble 315-amino-acid isoform of natural follistatin. Binds and neutralizes myostatin, activin A, and related TGF-beta superfamily ligands. WADA-prohibited.

• FOXO4-DRI

  D-retro-inverso senolytic peptide disrupting FOXO4-p53 interaction; Baar et al. 2017 Cell paper, no completed human trials.

• Humanin

  24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in 16S rRNA; cytoprotective and anti-amyloid effects in preclinical models.

• GHRP-6

  First-generation hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist; pulsatile GH release with hunger stimulation, no FDA approval.

• Ovagen

  Synthetic Glu-Asp-Leu tripeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a liver and GI cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (PubChem 444128), but human trial evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications.

• Albiglutide

  Once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved 2014 (Tanzeum, GSK). Recombinant fusion of two GLP-1 copies with human serum albumin. Withdrawn from worldwide market in 2017-2018 by GSK for commercial reasons despite cardiovascular benefit demonstrated in HARMONY Outcomes.

• Oxytocin

  An endogenous 9-amino-acid neuropeptide. FDA-approved (Pitocin) for labor induction. Intranasal use widely studied for social cognition, autism, and bonding with inconsistent controlled trial results.

• Cagrilintide

  Novo Nordisk long-acting amylin analog; component of CagriSema with NDA submitted December 18, 2025 for chronic weight management.

• Glandokort

  Khavinson adrenal Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf adrenal tissue. Marketed for adrenal support. No FDA approval, evidence is Russian-network dominated.

• Apitegromab

  Scholar Rock selective inhibitor of myostatin activation, Phase 3 SAPPHIRE in spinal muscular atrophy met primary endpoint; received FDA CRL.