All peptides

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor that reduces adipocyte size and body weight in obese mice without changing food intake. Marketed as a peptide. It is not one. No human trials exist.

Recombinant fusion protein combining the extracellular domain of activin receptor IIB with human IgG1 Fc. Phase 2 trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy halted due to bleeding events. Development discontinued.

Vascular-targeting chimeric peptide ablating adipose blood supply; Phase 1 discontinued at MD Anderson 2012-2014 due to renal toxicity concerns.

Copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys) developed as a cosmetic ingredient for hair-follicle and skin applications. Less-studied sister compound to GHK-Cu. Cosmetic-grade evidence base only.

Purine nucleoside (Acadesine) that mimics AMP after intracellular phosphorylation, activating AMPK and triggering exercise-like metabolic effects. Endurance mimetic. WADA-banned at all times since 2009. Investigational in cardiovascular and oncology contexts. No FDA approval.

Once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved 2014 (Tanzeum, GSK). Recombinant fusion of two GLP-1 copies with human serum albumin. Withdrawn from worldwide market in 2017-2018 by GSK for commercial reasons despite cardiovascular benefit demonstrated in HARMONY Outcomes.

Modified C-terminal hGH fragment investigated for fat loss; failed primary endpoint in Phase 2b trial.

Scholar Rock selective inhibitor of myostatin activation, Phase 3 SAPPHIRE in spinal muscular atrophy met primary endpoint; received FDA CRL.

Synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from EPO helix B. Activates innate repair receptor without erythropoiesis. FDA Orphan Drug status for sarcoidosis neuropathy.

Topical acetyl hexapeptide-3/8 marketed as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin for expression-line reduction; limited efficacy evidence.

Synthetic 33-amino-acid single-chain derivative of human relaxin-2 B-chain. Functionally selective RXFP1 agonist with anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective effects in animal models.

Small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Animal obesity and metabolic disease data only. Not a peptide. No human trial.

Recombinant native human GLP-1(7-36) sequence developed by Shanghai Benemae and Hua Dong Pharmaceutical. Approved in China for obesity and type 2 diabetes; three-times-daily subcutaneous dosing.

15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from gastric juice; the most widely used research peptide for tissue repair, with primarily rat-model evidence and three small human studies.

Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) targeting bronchial and airway tissue. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Animal studies report bronchial epithelium effects. No Western clinical trials.

Novo Nordisk long-acting amylin analog; component of CagriSema with NDA submitted December 18, 2025 for chronic weight management.

Novo Nordisk fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide 2.4 mg amylin analog and semaglutide 2.4 mg GLP-1 receptor agonist. Once-weekly injection. REDEFINE 1 Phase 3 showed 22.7% weight loss at 68 weeks. FDA NDA submitted December 2025. Not yet approved.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg tetrapeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the cardiac Cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (AEDR, ~489.5 Da), but human trial evidence is Russian-institution dominated.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp tripeptide derived from type XI collagen alpha-1 chain. Khavinson cartilage Cytogen with reported chondrocyte proliferation effects in cell culture.

Porcine brain-derived peptide hydrolysate used in Europe and Asia for stroke and dementia; not FDA-approved.

Khavinson brain Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf brain tissue. Marketed for CNS support in cognitive aging and post-stroke recovery.

Khavinson bronchial Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf bronchial epithelium. Marketed for respiratory tract support. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Short-acting GHRH analog (modified GRF 1-29) with ~30-min half-life. No published human PK trial. WADA-prohibited (S2), FDA Category 2 since September 2023.

Modified GHRH analog with maleimide DAC linker producing 6-8 day half-life through albumin binding; sold as research-chemical with no human therapeutic approval.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro tetrapeptide derived by epitope mapping from Cortexin brain extract. Khavinson cortex Cytogen targeting central nervous system gene expression.

A Russian-developed porcine cerebral cortex polypeptide complex from Geropharm. Not a single peptide. Used clinically in Russia and CIS for stroke, TBI, pediatric encephalopathy, and cognitive disorders. Standard course: 10 mg intramuscular daily for 10 days. Not FDA-approved.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Pro tripeptide identified by epitope mapping as a principal active component of Thymalin. Marketed as immune Cytogen in the Khavinson system.

Synthetic decapeptide developed at Stanford as a tyrosinase inhibitor for hyperpigmentation. Marketed as Lumixyl in cosmetic formulations. Modest published clinical evidence.

A small peptidomimetic derived from angiotensin IV. Reportedly potentiates HGF/c-Met receptor signaling and promotes synaptogenesis. Preclinical rodent data only. Foundational biochemistry was retracted. No human evidence.

Synthetic dipeptide composed of valine and tryptophan. Cosmetic ingredient marketed for under-eye puffiness and lymphatic drainage support. Limited clinical evidence; cosmetic-grade data only.

9-amino-acid peptide isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood in 1977; sleep-modulating effects in small human trials only.

An FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, marketed as Trulicity by Eli Lilly. Approved for cardiovascular event reduction in 2020. Not approved for obesity.

Long-acting exenatide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to a non-glycosylated human Fc fragment. Completed Phase 3 AMPLITUDE program. Not FDA-approved. Development program effectively paused.

Khavinson pineal Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf pineal gland. Marketed for circadian rhythm, sleep, and longevity. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson; telomerase activation claims rest on Khavinson-group rodent studies and small Russian observational reports.

The first FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom exendin-4. Approved 2005 (Byetta) and 2012 (Bydureon weekly) for type 2 diabetes. Largely displaced by semaglutide and tirzepatide.

Synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) FG loop. Activates FGFR1, promotes synaptic plasticity in aged-rat models. No human trial.

Myostatin- and activin-binding protein investigated for muscle growth; sold as research peptide with no human RCT data.

Soluble 315-amino-acid isoform of natural follistatin. Binds and neutralizes myostatin, activin A, and related TGF-beta superfamily ligands. WADA-prohibited.

D-retro-inverso senolytic peptide disrupting FOXO4-p53 interaction; Baar et al. 2017 Cell paper, no completed human trials.

Naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide identified in 1973; cosmetic ingredient with documented skin and wound-healing effects, no injectable FDA approval.

Synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist stimulating GH release; clinical diagnostic in Japan, research-chemical elsewhere.

First-generation hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist; pulsatile GH release with hunger stimulation, no FDA approval.

Khavinson adrenal Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf adrenal tissue. Marketed for adrenal support. No FDA approval, evidence is Russian-network dominated.

Three-peptide blend of GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500, marketed for skin and soft-tissue repair. No human trial has tested the combination. Each component sits in Tier 3 evidence.

The body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant tripeptide. Oral bioavailability is poor. IV forms are widely sold and widely warned against by regulators, particularly for cosmetic skin lightening.

A synthetic decapeptide identical to endogenous GnRH. Triggers pituitary LH and FSH release. Previously FDA-approved as Factrel and Lutrepulse, both withdrawn. Currently used off-label on TRT to preserve testicular function. WADA-banned.

Potent hexapeptide GH secretagogue with rapid receptor desensitization; investigated for cardiac applications in early trials.

A 16-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone targeting fat metabolism through b3-adrenergic signaling. Animal models showed weight loss. Human Phase 2b trials failed to demonstrate efficacy. Not FDA-approved.

24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in 16S rRNA; cytoprotective and anti-amyloid effects in preclinical models.

Truncated 67-amino-acid IGF-1 missing the N-terminal Gly-Pro-Glu tripeptide. 5-10x higher IGF-1 receptor affinity than native IGF-1. Short half-life enables site-specific local effects. Research chemical, no FDA approval, WADA-banned.

An 83-amino-acid modified IGF-1 with N-terminal 13-aa extension and Arg3 substitution. Reduced IGFBP binding produces 3x increased bioavailability. Half-life 20-30 hours versus 12-15 minutes for native IGF-1. Research chemical. WADA-banned.

Selective pentapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist with minimal cortisol or prolactin elevation; Phase 2 discontinued by Helsinn 2014, now compounded research chemical.

Hypothalamic neuropeptide and master regulator of GnRH secretion; investigated for hypothalamic amenorrhea and sexual dysfunction.

54-amino-acid endogenous peptide hormone that activates the KISS1R receptor on hypothalamic neurons to drive GnRH release. Imperial College London has run Phase 2 trials in hypogonadism and infertility. No FDA approval.

An endogenous human protein produced in kidneys and brain that declines with age. Mouse overexpression extends lifespan 20-30 percent. Two Phase 1 human trials were initiated in 2025 and 2026. Not approved for any indication.

Multi-peptide research-chemical stack combining KPV, Larazotide, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 for combined gut, skin, and tissue-healing claims. Stack composition is not standardized. No trial of the combination exists.

Tripeptide C-terminal fragment of α-MSH with NF-κB-modulating anti-inflammatory activity in gut and skin models; preclinical only.

Long-acting somatostatin analog FDA-approved for acromegaly (2007), GEP-NETs (2014), and carcinoid syndrome (2017); Cipla generic 2024.

Tight junction regulator and zonulin antagonist for celiac disease; Phase 3 CedLara trial discontinued by 9 Meters Biopharma September 2023.

Guanylate cyclase-C agonist FDA-approved August 30, 2012 for IBS-C and CIC; pediatric functional constipation indication added June 2023.

First-generation daily GLP-1 receptor agonist, FDA-approved 2010 for type 2 diabetes (Victoza) and 2014 for obesity (Saxenda).

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala tetrapeptide developed as the Khavinson liver and immune Cytogen. Documented chromatin decondensation effects in cell culture.

Once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved 2016 for type 2 diabetes (Adlyxin, Sanofi). Discontinued from US market 2023, still available in EU as Lyxumia. Phase 2 trials in Parkinson and Alzheimer disease ongoing. ELIXA cardiovascular outcomes trial demonstrated cardiovascular safety.

The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; broad-spectrum activity but dual pro/anti-inflammatory profile limits clinical translation.

Original Sederma cosmetic peptide. Palmitoylated pentapeptide derived from procollagen I C-terminal propeptide. Established cosmetic anti-aging ingredient.

Sederma cosmetic peptide complex combining Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK) and Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR). Marketed for collagen synthesis and wrinkle reduction.

First dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management; NMPA China approval June 27, 2025 (Innovent/Lilly).

Recombinant human IGF-1 FDA-approved August 2005 for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency in pediatric patients; Eton acquisition December 2024.

Synthetic 13-amino-acid analog of α-MSH ([Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH). FDA-approved as Scenesse (Clinuvel) October 2019 for erythropoietic protoporphyria. 16 mg subcutaneous PLGA implant. The only FDA-approved melanocortin peptide. WADA-prohibited.

Non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist used unregulated for skin tanning and libido; precursor to FDA-approved bremelanotide.

A 150-year-old textile dye and the only FDA-approved treatment for methemoglobinemia. Repurposed as a mitochondrial electron carrier with off-label cognitive and longevity use that is not supported by Phase 3 data.

A splice variant of the IGF-1 gene expressed in muscle after mechanical loading. The 24-amino-acid E-peptide activates muscle satellite cells. No human clinical trials. Off-label use in bodybuilding.

Oral non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist with sustained 24-hour GH elevation; Phase 2 trials completed but no FDA approval after two decades of development.

16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating metabolic homeostasis via AMPK; early-stage clinical research.

Modified Selank analog with N-acetyl and C-terminal amide groups added for protease resistance. Russian research literature exists; no peer-reviewed RCT of the modified form. Not FDA-approved.

N-terminally acetylated and C-terminally amidated analog of Semax, the Russian ACTH(4-10) heptapeptide nootropic. Modifications target protease resistance.

A redox cofactor required by over 500 enzymes. Declines with age in some tissues. Sold as oral precursors (NR, NMN) and as IV infusions in clinics. Longevity claims outpace controlled human evidence.

An NAD+ precursor that reliably raises blood NAD+ in human trials. Lived through three years of FDA regulatory uncertainty before being confirmed as a dietary supplement in September 2025.

A small-molecule prodrug of the endogenous dipeptide cycloprolylglycine. Approved as a prescription nootropic in Russia since 1996. Increases hippocampal BDNF and NGF. Limited Western trial validation.

A vitamin B3 form and oral NAD+ precursor with NDI/GRAS regulatory status in the US. Reliably raises blood NAD+ by 22 to 150 percent depending on dose. Clinical endpoint benefits remain mixed.

Small-molecule pan-AMPK activator developed by Betagenon. Phase 2a complete in T2D with positive metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Not a peptide. Not FDA-approved.

Cyclic octapeptide somatostatin analog FDA-approved October 21, 1988 for acromegaly, NETs, carcinoid syndrome, and VIPomas.

First oral non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist; Lilly FDA submission late 2025, ACHIEVE/ATTAIN Phase 3 program.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Leu tripeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a liver and GI cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (PubChem 444128), but human trial evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications.

An endogenous 9-amino-acid neuropeptide. FDA-approved (Pitocin) for labor induction. Intranasal use widely studied for social cognition, autism, and bonding with inconsistent controlled trial results.

Synthetic adamantylated tetrapeptide derived from CNTF by epitope mapping. Promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF expression in animal Alzheimer's models. No published human clinical trial.

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp tetrapeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the pancreas Cytogen. Russian-network clinical observation data on glycemic markers; no independent Western RCT.

Multi-receptor somatostatin analog (SSTR1/2/3/5) FDA-approved for Cushing's disease (Dec 2012) and acromegaly (Dec 2014); diabetes-inducing.

Synthetic 7-amino-acid peptide derived from sortilin propeptide. Inhibits TREK-1 potassium channel, producing antidepressant-like effects in rodent models. No human trial.

Pegylated 24-amino-acid C-terminal E-peptide of IGF-1Ec (mechano growth factor). Half-life extended from 5-7 minutes (native) to 24-72 hours via PEG conjugation. Research chemical with no published human clinical trials. WADA-banned.

Pegylated GH analog acting as GH receptor antagonist, FDA-approved 2003 for acromegaly with inadequate surgery/radiation response.

Modified BPC-157 derivative with arginate salt form; marketed as improved-stability healing peptide with no published human trials.

Zealand/Roche long-acting amylin analog with placebo-like tolerability; ZUPREME-1 Phase 2 produced 10.7% weight loss at 42 weeks.

Synthetic peptide derived from the pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin 1. Inhibits dynamin-microtubule binding and rescues synaptic transmission in tau-loaded models. Mouse Alzheimer's-model data only.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Arg tripeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the pineal-derived Cytogen for neural and cognitive bioregulation. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Khavinson tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Brain-tissue-specific cytogen. Animal studies report neuroprotection and cognitive effects. No Western clinical trials.

Uroguanylin-analog GC-C agonist FDA-approved January 19, 2017 for CIC and January 24, 2018 for IBS-C; food-flexible dosing.

Synthetic 32-amino-acid peptide combining the HDM-2 binding domain of p53 with a membrane-residency signal. Selectively kills cancer cells through membrane disruption. No FDA approval.

First-generation synthetic amylin analog, FDA-approved March 16, 2005 as insulin adjunct for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro tetrapeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the prostate Cytogen. Russian-network clinical observation data exists; no independent Western RCT, no FDA approval.

Melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved June 21, 2019 (Vyleesi) for acquired generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Lilly triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist; TRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 reported up to 28.7% weight loss at 80 weeks, the highest magnitude in obesity pharmacotherapy.

Russian-developed heptapeptide anxiolytic based on tuftsin sequence, approved in Russia, no FDA approval.

Novo Nordisk long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic 2017), obesity (Wegovy 2021), oral T2D (Rybelsus 2019), and cardiovascular risk reduction.

Russian heptapeptide nootropic derived from ACTH(4-7); approved in Russia for stroke and cognitive disorders.

N-terminal 29-amino-acid fragment of native GHRH; original FDA approval (Geref) withdrawn 2008 for commercial reasons, now compounded for off-label adult use.

MC4R agonist FDA-approved for POMC/PCSK1/LEPR deficiency, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and acquired hypothalamic obesity (March 19, 2026).

A small-molecule pan-ERR agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. Preclinical only. No human trials. Anti-doping laboratories have already characterized its metabolites for sport testing.

Synthetic acetyl-octapeptide marketed as an extended analog of Argireline. Targets SNAP-25 to reduce muscle contraction in expression lines. Cosmetic-grade evidence only.

Cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide that stabilizes the inner mitochondrial membrane. FDA-approved as Forzinity for Barth syndrome in September 2025.

Khavinson cytomax (A-1) pancreas peptide bioregulator. 10 mg natural peptide complex extracted from calf pancreas under 12 months. Russian dietary supplement marketed for pancreatic function, digestion, and glucose metabolism support. No FDA approval.

Boehringer/Zealand dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonist; SYNCHRONIZE-1 showed 16.6% weight loss at 76 weeks; FDA Breakthrough for MASH.

Khavinson cytomax (A-7) liver peptide bioregulator. Natural peptide complex extracted from calf liver. Russian dietary supplement marketed for liver function support. Synthetic cytogen counterpart is Ovagen. No FDA approval, no Western clinical trials.

Synthetic tripeptide mimicking the muscle-relaxing effect of waglerin-1 from temple viper venom. Marketed as topical neuromuscular-mimetic for expression lines.

Palmitoylated tripeptide developed by DSM as a TGF-beta mimetic for collagen synthesis stimulation. Cosmetic ingredient with INCI listing.

Synthetic actin-binding fragment of thymosin beta-4. Used off-label for soft-tissue repair. FDA Category 2 since 2023, WADA-prohibited, no Phase 3 human trials.

GLP-2 receptor agonist FDA-approved December 21, 2012 for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure dependent on parenteral support.

Recombinant N-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone, FDA-approved 2002 for severe osteoporosis with high fracture risk.

Stabilized GHRH analog. FDA-approved 2010 for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. The only GHRH analog with a complete Phase 3 file.

An oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with approximately 10 percent weight loss in Phase 3. Originally developed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Not approved in any major jurisdiction as of 2026.

Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) targeting testicular tissue. Proposed to support Leydig cell function and endogenous testosterone biosynthesis. Sold in Russia as dietary supplement. No FDA approval, no Western clinical trials.

Khavinson testicular Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf testis. Marketed for testosterone-axis and reproductive support. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Polypeptide complex extracted from calf thymus. The foundational Khavinson cytomedin developed at the Military Medical Academy St. Petersburg. Approved in Russia as immunomodulator since 1982. 6-8 year elderly study with Epithalamin showed mortality reduction. No FDA approval.

Synthetic dipeptide (L-Glu-L-Trp) isolated from Thymalin as its principal active component. Russian-approved pharmaceutical since 1990 in three formulations (IM injection, nasal spray, topical cream). Used clinically for immunomodulation. No FDA approval.

28-amino-acid immune-modulating peptide approved as Zadaxin in 35+ countries for chronic hepatitis B. Not FDA-approved. FDA Category 2 since September 2023.

An endogenous 43-amino-acid peptide expressed in virtually all human cells. Sequesters G-actin and supports tissue repair. RegeneRx Phase 2 trials in wound healing and dry eye. Not FDA-approved. WADA-banned for athletes.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, obesity, OSA, and cardiovascular risk reduction. The most studied incretin therapy.

Vendor-branded 39-amino-acid synthetic tri-agonist marketed as a GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon receptor activator. Not the same molecule as FDA-investigational retatrutide. No human trials under this name.

Khavinson vascular Cytomax extracted from young calf aortic tissue. Contains a complex of peptides up to ~10 kDa. Marketed for vessel function. No Western RCT, no FDA approval, evidence base is Russian-institution dominated.

Synthetic Glu-Asp dipeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a bladder cytogen. Evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications. No FDA approval, no Western RCT, no peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic data.

Khavinson tripeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) targeting vascular endothelium. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Russian preclinical research only. No Western clinical trials. Available as supplement in Russia.

Khavinson dipeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu) targeting thymus and immune system. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Animal studies report immune restoration in aged animals and lifespan extension. No Western clinical trials.

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide discovered in 1970 by Said and Mutt. Acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Phase 2 sarcoidosis trial (Prasse 2010). Off-label use in CIRS and mold illness via the Shoemaker protocol. Not FDA-approved.

Off-label community stack combining BPC-157 (pentadecapeptide from gastric juice) and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). Named for the X-Men character Wolverine's regenerative healing factor. Used in research-chemical communities for soft-tissue recovery. No FDA approval.

Khavinson female reproductive Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf ovarian tissue. Marketed for female reproductive support and menopausal symptoms.