GLP-1 / Metabolic

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor that reduces adipocyte size and body weight in obese mice without changing food intake. Marketed as a peptide. It is not one. No human trials exist.

Vascular-targeting chimeric peptide ablating adipose blood supply; Phase 1 discontinued at MD Anderson 2012-2014 due to renal toxicity concerns.

Once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved 2014 (Tanzeum, GSK). Recombinant fusion of two GLP-1 copies with human serum albumin. Withdrawn from worldwide market in 2017-2018 by GSK for commercial reasons despite cardiovascular benefit demonstrated in HARMONY Outcomes.

Modified C-terminal hGH fragment investigated for fat loss; failed primary endpoint in Phase 2b trial.

Recombinant native human GLP-1(7-36) sequence developed by Shanghai Benemae and Hua Dong Pharmaceutical. Approved in China for obesity and type 2 diabetes; three-times-daily subcutaneous dosing.

Novo Nordisk long-acting amylin analog; component of CagriSema with NDA submitted December 18, 2025 for chronic weight management.

Novo Nordisk fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide 2.4 mg amylin analog and semaglutide 2.4 mg GLP-1 receptor agonist. Once-weekly injection. REDEFINE 1 Phase 3 showed 22.7% weight loss at 68 weeks. FDA NDA submitted December 2025. Not yet approved.

An FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, marketed as Trulicity by Eli Lilly. Approved for cardiovascular event reduction in 2020. Not approved for obesity.

Long-acting exenatide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to a non-glycosylated human Fc fragment. Completed Phase 3 AMPLITUDE program. Not FDA-approved. Development program effectively paused.

The first FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom exendin-4. Approved 2005 (Byetta) and 2012 (Bydureon weekly) for type 2 diabetes. Largely displaced by semaglutide and tirzepatide.

First-generation daily GLP-1 receptor agonist, FDA-approved 2010 for type 2 diabetes (Victoza) and 2014 for obesity (Saxenda).

Once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved 2016 for type 2 diabetes (Adlyxin, Sanofi). Discontinued from US market 2023, still available in EU as Lyxumia. Phase 2 trials in Parkinson and Alzheimer disease ongoing. ELIXA cardiovascular outcomes trial demonstrated cardiovascular safety.

First dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management; NMPA China approval June 27, 2025 (Innovent/Lilly).

First oral non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist; Lilly FDA submission late 2025, ACHIEVE/ATTAIN Phase 3 program.

Zealand/Roche long-acting amylin analog with placebo-like tolerability; ZUPREME-1 Phase 2 produced 10.7% weight loss at 42 weeks.

First-generation synthetic amylin analog, FDA-approved March 16, 2005 as insulin adjunct for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Lilly triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist; TRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 reported up to 28.7% weight loss at 80 weeks, the highest magnitude in obesity pharmacotherapy.

Novo Nordisk long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic 2017), obesity (Wegovy 2021), oral T2D (Rybelsus 2019), and cardiovascular risk reduction.

MC4R agonist FDA-approved for POMC/PCSK1/LEPR deficiency, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and acquired hypothalamic obesity (March 19, 2026).

A small-molecule pan-ERR agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. Preclinical only. No human trials. Anti-doping laboratories have already characterized its metabolites for sport testing.

Boehringer/Zealand dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonist; SYNCHRONIZE-1 showed 16.6% weight loss at 76 weeks; FDA Breakthrough for MASH.

GLP-2 receptor agonist FDA-approved December 21, 2012 for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure dependent on parenteral support.

An oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with approximately 10 percent weight loss in Phase 3. Originally developed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Not approved in any major jurisdiction as of 2026.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, obesity, OSA, and cardiovascular risk reduction. The most studied incretin therapy.