Peptides for Recovery

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor that reduces adipocyte size and body weight in obese mice without changing food intake. Marketed as a peptide. It is not one. No human trials exist.

Recombinant fusion protein combining the extracellular domain of activin receptor IIB with human IgG1 Fc. Phase 2 trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy halted due to bleeding events. Development discontinued.

Purine nucleoside (Acadesine) that mimics AMP after intracellular phosphorylation, activating AMPK and triggering exercise-like metabolic effects. Endurance mimetic. WADA-banned at all times since 2009. Investigational in cardiovascular and oncology contexts. No FDA approval.

Scholar Rock selective inhibitor of myostatin activation, Phase 3 SAPPHIRE in spinal muscular atrophy met primary endpoint; received FDA CRL.

Synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from EPO helix B. Activates innate repair receptor without erythropoiesis. FDA Orphan Drug status for sarcoidosis neuropathy.

Synthetic 33-amino-acid single-chain derivative of human relaxin-2 B-chain. Functionally selective RXFP1 agonist with anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective effects in animal models.

15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from gastric juice; the most widely used research peptide for tissue repair, with primarily rat-model evidence and three small human studies.

Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) targeting bronchial and airway tissue. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Animal studies report bronchial epithelium effects. No Western clinical trials.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg tetrapeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the cardiac Cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (AEDR, ~489.5 Da), but human trial evidence is Russian-institution dominated.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp tripeptide derived from type XI collagen alpha-1 chain. Khavinson cartilage Cytogen with reported chondrocyte proliferation effects in cell culture.

Khavinson brain Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf brain tissue. Marketed for CNS support in cognitive aging and post-stroke recovery.

Khavinson bronchial Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf bronchial epithelium. Marketed for respiratory tract support. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Short-acting GHRH analog (modified GRF 1-29) with ~30-min half-life. No published human PK trial. WADA-prohibited (S2), FDA Category 2 since September 2023.

Modified GHRH analog with maleimide DAC linker producing 6-8 day half-life through albumin binding; sold as research-chemical with no human therapeutic approval.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro tetrapeptide derived by epitope mapping from Cortexin brain extract. Khavinson cortex Cytogen targeting central nervous system gene expression.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Pro tripeptide identified by epitope mapping as a principal active component of Thymalin. Marketed as immune Cytogen in the Khavinson system.

Khavinson pineal Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf pineal gland. Marketed for circadian rhythm, sleep, and longevity. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Myostatin- and activin-binding protein investigated for muscle growth; sold as research peptide with no human RCT data.

Soluble 315-amino-acid isoform of natural follistatin. Binds and neutralizes myostatin, activin A, and related TGF-beta superfamily ligands. WADA-prohibited.

Synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist stimulating GH release; clinical diagnostic in Japan, research-chemical elsewhere.

First-generation hexapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist; pulsatile GH release with hunger stimulation, no FDA approval.

Khavinson adrenal Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf adrenal tissue. Marketed for adrenal support. No FDA approval, evidence is Russian-network dominated.

Three-peptide blend of GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500, marketed for skin and soft-tissue repair. No human trial has tested the combination. Each component sits in Tier 3 evidence.

The body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant tripeptide. Oral bioavailability is poor. IV forms are widely sold and widely warned against by regulators, particularly for cosmetic skin lightening.

A synthetic decapeptide identical to endogenous GnRH. Triggers pituitary LH and FSH release. Previously FDA-approved as Factrel and Lutrepulse, both withdrawn. Currently used off-label on TRT to preserve testicular function. WADA-banned.

Potent hexapeptide GH secretagogue with rapid receptor desensitization; investigated for cardiac applications in early trials.

Truncated 67-amino-acid IGF-1 missing the N-terminal Gly-Pro-Glu tripeptide. 5-10x higher IGF-1 receptor affinity than native IGF-1. Short half-life enables site-specific local effects. Research chemical, no FDA approval, WADA-banned.

An 83-amino-acid modified IGF-1 with N-terminal 13-aa extension and Arg3 substitution. Reduced IGFBP binding produces 3x increased bioavailability. Half-life 20-30 hours versus 12-15 minutes for native IGF-1. Research chemical. WADA-banned.

Selective pentapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist with minimal cortisol or prolactin elevation; Phase 2 discontinued by Helsinn 2014, now compounded research chemical.

54-amino-acid endogenous peptide hormone that activates the KISS1R receptor on hypothalamic neurons to drive GnRH release. Imperial College London has run Phase 2 trials in hypogonadism and infertility. No FDA approval.

An endogenous human protein produced in kidneys and brain that declines with age. Mouse overexpression extends lifespan 20-30 percent. Two Phase 1 human trials were initiated in 2025 and 2026. Not approved for any indication.

Multi-peptide research-chemical stack combining KPV, Larazotide, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 for combined gut, skin, and tissue-healing claims. Stack composition is not standardized. No trial of the combination exists.

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala tetrapeptide developed as the Khavinson liver and immune Cytogen. Documented chromatin decondensation effects in cell culture.

Recombinant human IGF-1 FDA-approved August 2005 for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency in pediatric patients; Eton acquisition December 2024.

A splice variant of the IGF-1 gene expressed in muscle after mechanical loading. The 24-amino-acid E-peptide activates muscle satellite cells. No human clinical trials. Off-label use in bodybuilding.

Oral non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist with sustained 24-hour GH elevation; Phase 2 trials completed but no FDA approval after two decades of development.

A redox cofactor required by over 500 enzymes. Declines with age in some tissues. Sold as oral precursors (NR, NMN) and as IV infusions in clinics. Longevity claims outpace controlled human evidence.

An NAD+ precursor that reliably raises blood NAD+ in human trials. Lived through three years of FDA regulatory uncertainty before being confirmed as a dietary supplement in September 2025.

A vitamin B3 form and oral NAD+ precursor with NDI/GRAS regulatory status in the US. Reliably raises blood NAD+ by 22 to 150 percent depending on dose. Clinical endpoint benefits remain mixed.

Small-molecule pan-AMPK activator developed by Betagenon. Phase 2a complete in T2D with positive metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Not a peptide. Not FDA-approved.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Leu tripeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a liver and GI cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (PubChem 444128), but human trial evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications.

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp tetrapeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the pancreas Cytogen. Russian-network clinical observation data on glycemic markers; no independent Western RCT.

Pegylated 24-amino-acid C-terminal E-peptide of IGF-1Ec (mechano growth factor). Half-life extended from 5-7 minutes (native) to 24-72 hours via PEG conjugation. Research chemical with no published human clinical trials. WADA-banned.

Modified BPC-157 derivative with arginate salt form; marketed as improved-stability healing peptide with no published human trials.

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro tetrapeptide developed by the Khavinson group as the prostate Cytogen. Russian-network clinical observation data exists; no independent Western RCT, no FDA approval.

N-terminal 29-amino-acid fragment of native GHRH; original FDA approval (Geref) withdrawn 2008 for commercial reasons, now compounded for off-label adult use.

A small-molecule pan-ERR agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. Preclinical only. No human trials. Anti-doping laboratories have already characterized its metabolites for sport testing.

Cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide that stabilizes the inner mitochondrial membrane. FDA-approved as Forzinity for Barth syndrome in September 2025.

Khavinson cytomax (A-1) pancreas peptide bioregulator. 10 mg natural peptide complex extracted from calf pancreas under 12 months. Russian dietary supplement marketed for pancreatic function, digestion, and glucose metabolism support. No FDA approval.

Khavinson cytomax (A-7) liver peptide bioregulator. Natural peptide complex extracted from calf liver. Russian dietary supplement marketed for liver function support. Synthetic cytogen counterpart is Ovagen. No FDA approval, no Western clinical trials.

Synthetic actin-binding fragment of thymosin beta-4. Used off-label for soft-tissue repair. FDA Category 2 since 2023, WADA-prohibited, no Phase 3 human trials.

Recombinant N-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone, FDA-approved 2002 for severe osteoporosis with high fracture risk.

Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) targeting testicular tissue. Proposed to support Leydig cell function and endogenous testosterone biosynthesis. Sold in Russia as dietary supplement. No FDA approval, no Western clinical trials.

Khavinson testicular Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf testis. Marketed for testosterone-axis and reproductive support. Russian-network clinical observation data only.

Polypeptide complex extracted from calf thymus. The foundational Khavinson cytomedin developed at the Military Medical Academy St. Petersburg. Approved in Russia as immunomodulator since 1982. 6-8 year elderly study with Epithalamin showed mortality reduction. No FDA approval.

Synthetic dipeptide (L-Glu-L-Trp) isolated from Thymalin as its principal active component. Russian-approved pharmaceutical since 1990 in three formulations (IM injection, nasal spray, topical cream). Used clinically for immunomodulation. No FDA approval.

28-amino-acid immune-modulating peptide approved as Zadaxin in 35+ countries for chronic hepatitis B. Not FDA-approved. FDA Category 2 since September 2023.

An endogenous 43-amino-acid peptide expressed in virtually all human cells. Sequesters G-actin and supports tissue repair. RegeneRx Phase 2 trials in wound healing and dry eye. Not FDA-approved. WADA-banned for athletes.

Vendor-branded 39-amino-acid synthetic tri-agonist marketed as a GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon receptor activator. Not the same molecule as FDA-investigational retatrutide. No human trials under this name.

Khavinson vascular Cytomax extracted from young calf aortic tissue. Contains a complex of peptides up to ~10 kDa. Marketed for vessel function. No Western RCT, no FDA approval, evidence base is Russian-institution dominated.

Synthetic Glu-Asp dipeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a bladder cytogen. Evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications. No FDA approval, no Western RCT, no peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic data.

Khavinson dipeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu) targeting thymus and immune system. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Animal studies report immune restoration in aged animals and lifespan extension. No Western clinical trials.

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide discovered in 1970 by Said and Mutt. Acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Phase 2 sarcoidosis trial (Prasse 2010). Off-label use in CIRS and mold illness via the Shoemaker protocol. Not FDA-approved.

Off-label community stack combining BPC-157 (pentadecapeptide from gastric juice) and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). Named for the X-Men character Wolverine's regenerative healing factor. Used in research-chemical communities for soft-tissue recovery. No FDA approval.

Khavinson female reproductive Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf ovarian tissue. Marketed for female reproductive support and menopausal symptoms.