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Synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson; telomerase activation claims rest on Khavinson-group rodent studies and small Russian observational reports.

Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala tetrapeptide developed as the Khavinson liver and immune Cytogen. Documented chromatin decondensation effects in cell culture.

An endogenous human protein produced in kidneys and brain that declines with age. Mouse overexpression extends lifespan 20-30 percent. Two Phase 1 human trials were initiated in 2025 and 2026. Not approved for any indication.

N-terminally acetylated and C-terminally amidated analog of Semax, the Russian ACTH(4-10) heptapeptide nootropic. Modifications target protease resistance.

Oral non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist with sustained 24-hour GH elevation; Phase 2 trials completed but no FDA approval after two decades of development.

N-terminal 29-amino-acid fragment of native GHRH; original FDA approval (Geref) withdrawn 2008 for commercial reasons, now compounded for off-label adult use.

Novo Nordisk long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Ozempic 2017), obesity (Wegovy 2021), oral T2D (Rybelsus 2019), and cardiovascular risk reduction.

Multi-receptor somatostatin analog (SSTR1/2/3/5) FDA-approved for Cushing's disease (Dec 2012) and acromegaly (Dec 2014); diabetes-inducing.

Non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist used unregulated for skin tanning and libido; precursor to FDA-approved bremelanotide.

Uroguanylin-analog GC-C agonist FDA-approved January 19, 2017 for CIC and January 24, 2018 for IBS-C; food-flexible dosing.

The body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant tripeptide. Oral bioavailability is poor. IV forms are widely sold and widely warned against by regulators, particularly for cosmetic skin lightening.

Synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from EPO helix B. Activates innate repair receptor without erythropoiesis. FDA Orphan Drug status for sarcoidosis neuropathy.

Recombinant N-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone, FDA-approved 2002 for severe osteoporosis with high fracture risk.

Synthetic 32-amino-acid peptide combining the HDM-2 binding domain of p53 with a membrane-residency signal. Selectively kills cancer cells through membrane disruption. No FDA approval.

Recombinant native human GLP-1(7-36) sequence developed by Shanghai Benemae and Hua Dong Pharmaceutical. Approved in China for obesity and type 2 diabetes; three-times-daily subcutaneous dosing.

Long-acting exenatide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist conjugated to a non-glycosylated human Fc fragment. Completed Phase 3 AMPLITUDE program. Not FDA-approved. Development program effectively paused.

A vitamin B3 form and oral NAD+ precursor with NDI/GRAS regulatory status in the US. Reliably raises blood NAD+ by 22 to 150 percent depending on dose. Clinical endpoint benefits remain mixed.

An endogenous 43-amino-acid peptide expressed in virtually all human cells. Sequesters G-actin and supports tissue repair. RegeneRx Phase 2 trials in wound healing and dry eye. Not FDA-approved. WADA-banned for athletes.

A small-molecule pan-ERR agonist marketed as an exercise mimetic. Preclinical only. No human trials. Anti-doping laboratories have already characterized its metabolites for sport testing.

An NAD+ precursor that reliably raises blood NAD+ in human trials. Lived through three years of FDA regulatory uncertainty before being confirmed as a dietary supplement in September 2025.

A redox cofactor required by over 500 enzymes. Declines with age in some tissues. Sold as oral precursors (NR, NMN) and as IV infusions in clinics. Longevity claims outpace controlled human evidence.

Melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved June 21, 2019 (Vyleesi) for acquired generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Off-label community stack combining BPC-157 (pentadecapeptide from gastric juice) and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). Named for the X-Men character Wolverine's regenerative healing factor. Used in research-chemical communities for soft-tissue recovery. No FDA approval.

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide discovered in 1970 by Said and Mutt. Acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Phase 2 sarcoidosis trial (Prasse 2010). Off-label use in CIRS and mold illness via the Shoemaker protocol. Not FDA-approved.