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An FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, marketed as Trulicity by Eli Lilly. Approved for cardiovascular event reduction in 2020. Not approved for obesity.

Synthetic actin-binding fragment of thymosin beta-4. Used off-label for soft-tissue repair. FDA Category 2 since 2023, WADA-prohibited, no Phase 3 human trials.

Synthetic decapeptide developed at Stanford as a tyrosinase inhibitor for hyperpigmentation. Marketed as Lumixyl in cosmetic formulations. Modest published clinical evidence.

Khavinson tripeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) targeting vascular endothelium. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Russian preclinical research only. No Western clinical trials. Available as supplement in Russia.

Khavinson dipeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu) targeting thymus and immune system. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Animal studies report immune restoration in aged animals and lifespan extension. No Western clinical trials.

Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) targeting bronchial and airway tissue. Developed at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Animal studies report bronchial epithelium effects. No Western clinical trials.

Cardiolipin-binding tetrapeptide that stabilizes the inner mitochondrial membrane. FDA-approved as Forzinity for Barth syndrome in September 2025.

Synthetic Glu-Asp dipeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a bladder cytogen. Evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications. No FDA approval, no Western RCT, no peer-reviewed pharmacokinetic data.

Three-peptide blend of GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500, marketed for skin and soft-tissue repair. No human trial has tested the combination. Each component sits in Tier 3 evidence.

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide discovered in 1970 by Said and Mutt. Acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Phase 2 sarcoidosis trial (Prasse 2010). Off-label use in CIRS and mold illness via the Shoemaker protocol. Not FDA-approved.

Off-label community stack combining BPC-157 (pentadecapeptide from gastric juice) and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). Named for the X-Men character Wolverine's regenerative healing factor. Used in research-chemical communities for soft-tissue recovery. No FDA approval.

Khavinson female reproductive Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf ovarian tissue. Marketed for female reproductive support and menopausal symptoms.

Small-molecule mitochondrial protonophore that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Animal obesity and metabolic disease data only. Not a peptide. No human trial.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp tripeptide derived from type XI collagen alpha-1 chain. Khavinson cartilage Cytogen with reported chondrocyte proliferation effects in cell culture.

Modified C-terminal hGH fragment investigated for fat loss; failed primary endpoint in Phase 2b trial.

A redox cofactor required by over 500 enzymes. Declines with age in some tissues. Sold as oral precursors (NR, NMN) and as IV infusions in clinics. Longevity claims outpace controlled human evidence.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Leu tripeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a liver and GI cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (PubChem 444128), but human trial evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications.

15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from gastric juice; the most widely used research peptide for tissue repair, with primarily rat-model evidence and three small human studies.

Khavinson brain Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf brain tissue. Marketed for CNS support in cognitive aging and post-stroke recovery.

Synthetic 33-amino-acid single-chain derivative of human relaxin-2 B-chain. Functionally selective RXFP1 agonist with anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective effects in animal models.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, obesity, OSA, and cardiovascular risk reduction. The most studied incretin therapy.

A Russian-developed porcine cerebral cortex polypeptide complex from Geropharm. Not a single peptide. Used clinically in Russia and CIS for stroke, TBI, pediatric encephalopathy, and cognitive disorders. Standard course: 10 mg intramuscular daily for 10 days. Not FDA-approved.

Copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys) developed as a cosmetic ingredient for hair-follicle and skin applications. Less-studied sister compound to GHK-Cu. Cosmetic-grade evidence base only.

Purine nucleoside (Acadesine) that mimics AMP after intracellular phosphorylation, activating AMPK and triggering exercise-like metabolic effects. Endurance mimetic. WADA-banned at all times since 2009. Investigational in cardiovascular and oncology contexts. No FDA approval.