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A redox cofactor required by over 500 enzymes. Declines with age in some tissues. Sold as oral precursors (NR, NMN) and as IV infusions in clinics. Longevity claims outpace controlled human evidence.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Leu tripeptide developed by the Khavinson group as a liver and GI cytogen. Sequence is well-defined (PubChem 444128), but human trial evidence is dominated by Russian-institution publications.

15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from gastric juice; the most widely used research peptide for tissue repair, with primarily rat-model evidence and three small human studies.

Khavinson brain Cytomax peptide complex extracted from young calf brain tissue. Marketed for CNS support in cognitive aging and post-stroke recovery.

Synthetic 33-amino-acid single-chain derivative of human relaxin-2 B-chain. Functionally selective RXFP1 agonist with anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective effects in animal models.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, obesity, OSA, and cardiovascular risk reduction. The most studied incretin therapy.

A Russian-developed porcine cerebral cortex polypeptide complex from Geropharm. Not a single peptide. Used clinically in Russia and CIS for stroke, TBI, pediatric encephalopathy, and cognitive disorders. Standard course: 10 mg intramuscular daily for 10 days. Not FDA-approved.

Copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys) developed as a cosmetic ingredient for hair-follicle and skin applications. Less-studied sister compound to GHK-Cu. Cosmetic-grade evidence base only.

Synthetic decapeptide developed at Stanford as a tyrosinase inhibitor for hyperpigmentation. Marketed as Lumixyl in cosmetic formulations. Modest published clinical evidence.

Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp tripeptide derived from type XI collagen alpha-1 chain. Khavinson cartilage Cytogen with reported chondrocyte proliferation effects in cell culture.

An FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, marketed as Trulicity by Eli Lilly. Approved for cardiovascular event reduction in 2020. Not approved for obesity.

Synthetic actin-binding fragment of thymosin beta-4. Used off-label for soft-tissue repair. FDA Category 2 since 2023, WADA-prohibited, no Phase 3 human trials.

Purine nucleoside (Acadesine) that mimics AMP after intracellular phosphorylation, activating AMPK and triggering exercise-like metabolic effects. Endurance mimetic. WADA-banned at all times since 2009. Investigational in cardiovascular and oncology contexts. No FDA approval.

Recombinant fusion protein combining the extracellular domain of activin receptor IIB with human IgG1 Fc. Phase 2 trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy halted due to bleeding events. Development discontinued.

Novo Nordisk fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide 2.4 mg amylin analog and semaglutide 2.4 mg GLP-1 receptor agonist. Once-weekly injection. REDEFINE 1 Phase 3 showed 22.7% weight loss at 68 weeks. FDA NDA submitted December 2025. Not yet approved.

Recombinant native human GLP-1(7-36) sequence developed by Shanghai Benemae and Hua Dong Pharmaceutical. Approved in China for obesity and type 2 diabetes; three-times-daily subcutaneous dosing.

Cyclic octapeptide somatostatin analog FDA-approved October 21, 1988 for acromegaly, NETs, carcinoid syndrome, and VIPomas.

Lilly triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist; TRIUMPH-4 Phase 3 reported up to 28.7% weight loss at 80 weeks, the highest magnitude in obesity pharmacotherapy.

Synthetic Glu-Asp-Pro tripeptide identified by epitope mapping as a principal active component of Thymalin. Marketed as immune Cytogen in the Khavinson system.

Synthetic dipeptide composed of valine and tryptophan. Cosmetic ingredient marketed for under-eye puffiness and lymphatic drainage support. Limited clinical evidence; cosmetic-grade data only.

A vitamin B3 form and oral NAD+ precursor with NDI/GRAS regulatory status in the US. Reliably raises blood NAD+ by 22 to 150 percent depending on dose. Clinical endpoint benefits remain mixed.

The first FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from Gila monster venom exendin-4. Approved 2005 (Byetta) and 2012 (Bydureon weekly) for type 2 diabetes. Largely displaced by semaglutide and tirzepatide.

Multi-peptide research-chemical stack combining KPV, Larazotide, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 for combined gut, skin, and tissue-healing claims. Stack composition is not standardized. No trial of the combination exists.

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor that reduces adipocyte size and body weight in obese mice without changing food intake. Marketed as a peptide. It is not one. No human trials exist.