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Guanylate cyclase-C agonist FDA-approved August 30, 2012 for IBS-C and CIC; pediatric functional constipation indication added June 2023.

Boehringer/Zealand dual glucagon/GLP-1 agonist; SYNCHRONIZE-1 showed 16.6% weight loss at 76 weeks; FDA Breakthrough for MASH.

Pegylated GH analog acting as GH receptor antagonist, FDA-approved 2003 for acromegaly with inadequate surgery/radiation response.

Synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson; telomerase activation claims rest on Khavinson-group rodent studies and small Russian observational reports.

Selective pentapeptide ghrelin receptor agonist with minimal cortisol or prolactin elevation; Phase 2 discontinued by Helsinn 2014, now compounded research chemical.

Vascular-targeting chimeric peptide ablating adipose blood supply; Phase 1 discontinued at MD Anderson 2012-2014 due to renal toxicity concerns.

9-amino-acid peptide isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood in 1977; sleep-modulating effects in small human trials only.

First dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management; NMPA China approval June 27, 2025 (Innovent/Lilly).

Russian heptapeptide nootropic derived from ACTH(4-7); approved in Russia for stroke and cognitive disorders.

24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in 16S rRNA; cytoprotective and anti-amyloid effects in preclinical models.

Modified BPC-157 derivative with arginate salt form; marketed as improved-stability healing peptide with no published human trials.

Zealand/Roche long-acting amylin analog with placebo-like tolerability; ZUPREME-1 Phase 2 produced 10.7% weight loss at 42 weeks.

Scholar Rock selective inhibitor of myostatin activation, Phase 3 SAPPHIRE in spinal muscular atrophy met primary endpoint; received FDA CRL.

Topical acetyl hexapeptide-3/8 marketed as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin for expression-line reduction; limited efficacy evidence.

Novo Nordisk long-acting amylin analog; component of CagriSema with NDA submitted December 18, 2025 for chronic weight management.

MC4R agonist FDA-approved for POMC/PCSK1/LEPR deficiency, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and acquired hypothalamic obesity (March 19, 2026).